- 【電王戦】 米長 vs ボンクラーズ Part24
627 :名無し名人[]:2012/01/24(火) 20:57:05.26 ID:1VUiNMj2 - Horizontal effect
This article refers to the British Human Rights Act. Horizontal effect should not be confused with Direct effect and indirect effect which are terms concerning the European Union or indeed vertical direct effect and horizontal direct effect which are variants of the Direct effect principle. In British law the term horizontal effect refers to how the Human Rights Act affects litigation between private individuals even though it was primarily intended to deal with disputes involving a public body. (1/2)
| - 【電王戦】 米長 vs ボンクラーズ Part24
628 :名無し名人[]:2012/01/24(火) 21:05:34.49 ID:1VUiNMj2 - Horizon effect
The horizon effect is a problem in artificial intelligence where, in many games, the number of possible states or positions is immense and computers can only feasibly search a small portion of it, typically a few ply down the game tree. Thus, for a computer searching only five ply, there is a possibility that it will make a move which is detrimental, but the detrimental effect is not visible because it does not search to the depth of the error (i.e. beyond its horizon). When evaluating a large game tree using techniques such as minimax or alpha-beta pruning, search depth is limited for feasibility reasons. However, evaluating a partial tree may give a misleading result. When a significant change exists just over the 'horizon' of the search depth, the computational device falls victim to the horizon effect.
| - 【電王戦】 米長 vs ボンクラーズ Part24
629 :名無し名人[]:2012/01/24(火) 21:08:03.91 ID:1VUiNMj2 - For example, in chess, assume a situation where black only searches the game tree to six plies, and from the current position, it determines that the queen is lost in the sixth ply.
Also, suppose there is a move in the search depth where the computer may sacrifice a rook, and the loss of the queen is pushed to the eighth ply. This is, of course, a worse move than sacrificing the queen, because it leads to losing a queen as well as a rook. Because the loss of the queen was pushed over the horizon of search, it is not discovered and evaluated by the search. Sacrificing of the rook seems to be better than losing the queen, so the sacrificing move is returned as the best option.
| - 【電王戦】 米長 vs ボンクラーズ Part24
630 :名無し名人[]:2012/01/24(火) 21:09:30.17 ID:1VUiNMj2 - The horizon effect can be mitigated by extending the search algorithm with a quiescence search.
This gives the search algorithm ability to look beyond its horizon for a certain class of moves of major importance to the game state, such as captures. Rewriting the evaluation function for leaf nodes and/or analyzing sufficiently more nodes will solve many horizon effect problems.
| - 【電王戦】 米長 vs ボンクラーズ Part24
632 :名無し名人[]:2012/01/24(火) 21:13:24.58 ID:1VUiNMj2 - chess programming wikispaces の説明は以下
Horizon Effect The Horizon Effect is caused be the depth limitation of the search algorithm, and became manifest when some negative event is inevitable but postponable. Because only a partial game tree has been analyzed, it will appear to the system that the event can be avoided when in fact this is not the case. Beside obligatory quiescence search, extensions, specially check extensions are designed to reduce horizon effects. Water Horizon [1]
| - ▲コンピュータ将棋スレッド66▽
680 :名無し名人[sage]:2012/01/24(火) 21:56:24.13 ID:1VUiNMj2 - 今週発売の「週刊新潮」に「奇手に走ってコンピュータに完敗した将棋連盟米長会長」という記事が掲載されています。
この記事の中に棋士の談話が掲載されていますので、その部分だけを引用してみましょう。みなさんのお考えをお聞かせいただければと思います。 『さすがに元名人も白旗を掲げたようで、対局後は、「私が弱かった」と音を上げていたが、「そんなのやる前から分かりきっていたこと」そう吐き捨てるのは、あるプロ棋士である。「勝てば持ち点が増えるネットの将棋サイトで 米長会長は2800点くらいの実力ですが、ボンクラーズは3300点もある。実際、両者は昨年末に早指しのプレマッチをやっていますが、その時も同じ奇手で負けているんですからね。そもそもあの奇手は、本人が最初から勝ちで はなく"入玉"という手で引き分けを狙っていた証拠だと、プロなら誰が見ても一目瞭然。それなのに、あんなみっともない負け方をした。最初からあの人のレベルで勝てるわけがないのです」
| - ▲コンピュータ将棋スレッド66▽
681 :名無し名人[sage]:2012/01/24(火) 22:00:07.65 ID:1VUiNMj2 - 別のプロ棋士も語る。
「相撲で言えば、放駒理事長がまわしを締めて土俵に上がるようなもの。何 故米長会長が出る必要があったのか。どうしても腑に落ちず、心あるプロ棋 士はみな怒りを感じているのです」 米長会長ご本人は、 「主催側からの依頼で対戦しただけのこと」(事務所) (週刊新潮2012年1月26日号当該記事より引用)
|
|